The 2021 Antarctic ozone hole reached its maximum area on Oct. 7 and ranks 13th-largest since 1979, scientists from NASA and NOAA reported today. This year's ozone hole developed similarly to last year's: A colder than usual Southern Hemisphere winter led to a deep and larger-than-average ozone hole that will likely persist into November or early December.

"This is a large ozone hole because of the colder than average 2021 stratospheric conditions, and without a Montreal Protocol, it would have been much larger," said Paul Newman, chief scientist for Earth sciences at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.

What we call the "ozone hole" is a thinning of the ozone layer in the stratosphere (an upper layer of Earth's atmosphere) above Antarctica that begins every September. Chemically active forms of chlorine and bromine derived from human-produced compounds are released during reactions on high-altitude polar clouds. The reactive chlorine and bromine then initiate ozone-destroying reactions as the sun rises in the Antarctic at the end of winter.

NASA and NOAA researchers detect and measure the growth and break up of the ozone hole with satellite instruments aboard Aura, Suomi-NPP and NOAA-20.

This year, NASA satellite observations determined the ozone hole reached a maximum of 9.6 million square miles (24.8 million square kilometers) - roughly the size of North America - before beginning to shrink in mid-October. Colder than average temperatures and strong winds in the stratosphere circling Antarctica contributed to its size.

NOAA scientists at the South Pole Station, one of a world-wide ozone monitoring network, record the ozone layer's thickness by releasing weather balloons carrying ozone-measuring instruments called ozonesondes that measure the varying ozone concentrations as the balloon rises into the stratosphere.

When the polar sun rises, NOAA scientists also make measurements with a Dobson Spectrophotometer, an optical instrument that records the total amount of ozone between the surface and the edge of space known as the total column ozone value. This year, scientists recorded the lowest total-column ozone value of 102 Dobson Units on Oct. 7, the 8th-lowest since 1986. At altitudes between 8 and 13 miles (14 to 21 kilometers) ozone was nearly completely absent during the ozone hole's maximum.

While the 2021 Antarctic ozone hole is larger than average, it's substantially smaller than ozone holes in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

The ozone hole is recovering due to the Montreal Protocol and subsequent amendments banning the release of harmful ozone-depleting chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs. If atmospheric chlorine levels from CFCs were as high today as they were in the early 2000s, this year's ozone hole would have been larger by about 1.5 million square miles (about four million square kilometers) under the same weather conditions.

Related Links
Ozone at NASA
Earth Observation News - Suppiliers, Technology and Application

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What's going on with the ozone?
Paris (ESA) Sep 20, 2021
World governments agreed in the late 1980s to protect Earth's ozone layer by phasing out ozone-depleting substances emitted by human activities, under the Montreal Protocol. The phase out of these substances has not only helped protect the ozone layer for future generations but has also protected human health and ecosystems by limiting the harmful ultraviolet radiation from reaching Earth. On 16 September, the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, we take a closer look at this year' ... read more