The high court's final ruling, expected sometime before June 30, will decide whether millions of Americans will see up to $20,000 of debt disappear, but could also have major implications for presidential actions going forward.
Relying on a Covid-related legal justification, Biden announced his student loan forgiveness plan last August, shortly before the crucial midterm elections.
Republican-led states were quick to claim he had overreached his authority and an appellate court halted the measure in November.
Under the relief plan, $10,000 would be cut from all loans owed by people earning less than $125,000 per year. For students who went to university with need-based government assistance known as Pell grants, the relief would be $20,000.
In addition to the coalition of Republican states, two students have also filed suit arguing they were unjustly excluded from the program.
During his 2020 campaign, Biden pledged to act to address the massive amounts of debt US students take on to attend higher education -- the White House says nearly 43 million Americans hold $1.6 trillion in federal student loans.
"We want to remind the American people... how this program is going to give tens of millions of Americans across the country a little bit of a breathing room," said White House Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre ahead of the hearing.
- Wide range of outcomes -
In the early days of the Covid-19 pandemic, then-president Donald Trump ordered a halt to all federal student loan repayments, citing a 2003 law permitting such actions during a "national emergency."
That pause has since been repeatedly renewed, and is currently set to expire in mid-2023.
The Biden administration argues the same law allows for blanket debt cancelation which, the government claimed in a court filing, responded to a "once-in-a-century pandemic that starkly disrupted the Nation's economy and borrowers' ability to repay their loans."
"We are very much confident in our legal authority here," said Jean-Pierre.
Conservatives claim Biden has used the pandemic as a broad excuse to sidestep Congress.
That argument could prevail in the Supreme Court, which has already moved to overturn multiple Covid-related policies issued by the Democratic administration, including on vaccine mandates and a moratorium on evictions.
To avoid another setback, Biden's Justice Department is contending that the Republican states have no legal standing to bring the case as they have "suffered no cognizable injury," and that the two students' challenge is overly broad.
For their part, Republicans are hoping that the panel's new 6-3 conservative majority will issue a broad ruling to limit presidential authority, saying that on such important issues the US Constitution requires clear statutory authorization from Congress.
The high court used this "major questions doctrine" last June to restrict the powers of the Environmental Protection Agency in its fight against global warming.
If the nine justices further strengthen the doctrine, the Biden administration may find itself unable to act on issues of vast significance at a time when Congress itself is paralyzed by partisan divisions.
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