The Israeli military said its fighter jets had destroyed "thousands" of Hezbollah rocket launchers "aimed toward northern Israel and some were aimed toward central Israel", far from the border.
Hezbollah, the powerful Iran-backed Lebanese armed group, countered that Israel was making "empty claims" of having thwarted a larger attack, and said its own operation for Sunday "was completed and accomplished".
The office of the United Nations special coordinator for Lebanon, Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert, and the UNIFIL peacekeeping force urged "all to cease fire and refrain from further escalatory action".
Hezbollah's leader Hassan Nasrallah was due to speak on the "latest developments" at 6:00 pm (1500 GMT), the group said.
The group has traded near-daily cross-border fire with Israeli forces throughout the Gaza war, in a campaign Hezbollah says is in support of Palestinian ally Hamas.
But fears of a wider regional conflagration soared after attacks in late July blamed on Israel killed Iran-aligned militant leaders, including Hezbollah commander Fuad Shukr, prompting vows of revenge.
Hezbollah, which last fought a major war against Israel in 2006, said its militants launched "a large number of drones" and "more than 320" Katyusha rockets targeting "enemy positions" across the border.
The Lebanese movement said its attack was an "initial response" to Shukr's killing, adding that it had "ended with total success", although the extent of the damage on the Israeli side was not immediately clear.
Lebanon's health ministry reported at least three dead in Israeli strikes in the country's south. No casualties were immediately reported in Israel.
- 'Larger attack' -
Israeli military spokesman Rear Admiral Daniel Hagari said his country's strikes were meant "to remove the threats aimed at the citizens of Israel".
Another military spokesman, Nadav Shoshani, said Hezbollah's strikes were "part of a larger attack that was planned and we were able to thwart a big part of it this morning".
The government declared a 48-hour state of emergency, but by 7:00 am (0400 GMT) flights had resumed at Israel's main international airport after a brief suspension, the aviation authority said.
In Lebanon, Beirut airport did not close but some airlines, including Royal Jordanian and Etihad Airways, cancelled flights.
The United States, Israel's top arms provider, said its military was "postured" to support its ally.
The Israel-Hamas war, triggered by Hamas's October 7 attack, had already drawn in Iran-backed groups like Hezbollah and Yemen's Huthi rebels.
The fighting between Israeli forces and Hezbollah has killed hundreds, mostly in Lebanon, and displaced tens of thousands of residents in both southern Lebanon and northern Israel.
Some 605 people have been killed on the Lebanese side, mostly Hezbollah fighters, but including at least 131 civilians, according to an AFP tally.
On the Israeli side, including in the annexed Golan Heights, authorities say 23 soldiers and 26 civilians have been killed.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu convened his security cabinet and vowed "to do everything to... return the residents of the north safely to their homes" after more than 10 months of violence.
Lebanese Prime Minister Najib Mikati told an emergency government meeting that he had contacted "Lebanon's friends to stop the escalation", and called for an end to "the Israeli aggression".
The Iran-backed Huthi rebels in Yemen hailed the Hezbollah attack and declared that their own response for an Israeli strike on a key Yemeni port on July 20 was "definitely coming".
In a call with Israeli Defence Minister Yoav Gallant, his US counterpart Lloyd Austin "reaffirmed the United States' ironclad commitment to Israel's defence against any attacks by Iran and its regional partners and proxies", the Pentagon said.
- Gaza talks -
Shukr's death last month and an attack hours later that killed Hamas political leader Ismail Haniyeh in Tehran ratcheted up concerns that the Gaza war could spiral into a broader conflict.
In recent weeks, US and Arab diplomats have sought to head off a broader response to the killings, as mediators were making their latest push towards a Gaza ceasefire and hostage release deal.
An official from Netanyahu's office said a decision would be made late in the day about whether Israeli spy chiefs would attend planned talks in Cairo on Sunday.
Hamas has said a delegation would go to Cairo but only to meet with Egyptian officials rather than participate in the discussions.
On the ground in the besieged Palestinian territory, an AFP correspondent reported strikes and shelling in Gaza City, where rescuers said at least three people were killed.
Witnesses said battles raged in the area of Deir al-Balah, further south.
Hamas's October 7 attack on southern Israel resulted in the deaths of 1,199 people, most of them civilians, according to an AFP tally based on Israeli official figures.
Israel's retaliatory military campaign has killed at least 40,334 Palestinians in Gaza, according to the Hamas-run territory's health ministry, which does not break down civilian and militant deaths. The UN rights office says most of the dead are women and children.
Palestinian militants have also seized 251 hostages, of whom 105 remain in Gaza, including 34 the Israeli military says are dead.
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