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Race to rescue animals as Brazilian wetlands burn
By Eugenia LOGIURATTO
Porto Jofre, Brasil (AFP) Sept 17, 2020

Five things about the Pantanal
Rio De Janeiro (AFP) Sept 17, 2020 - The Pantanal, the world's biggest tropical wetlands, is being devastated by record wildfires.

Here are five things to know about this unique ecosystem, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

- What are wetlands? -

Wetlands are regions that are largely covered in water part or all of the year.

Other major wetlands include the West Siberian Lowland, the Congo River Basin and the Mississippi River Basin.

These watery ecosystems tend to be covered in aquatic plants specially adapted to their hydric soil.

The Pantanal, which is typically 80-percent underwater in wet season, is also known for its wealth of wildlife.

The annual rains, which start in October, bring huge numbers of fish into the floodplain, drawing numerous bird species and, in turn, predators going up the food chain.

- Where is the Pantanal? -

Situated below the Amazon rainforest, the Pantanal stretches from western Brazil into Bolivia and Paraguay.

About 62 percent of the Pantanal is in Brazil.

The region's total surface area is estimated at 224,253 square kilometers (86,585 square miles), a little smaller than the United Kingdom.

- Why is it burning? -

The Pantanal is having its worst drought in 47 years.

Rainfall plunged by half for the period from January to May, usually the height of rainy season.

Researchers are still studying the factors driving the drought.

Climate change is a top suspect.

Studies show deforestation in the Amazon is having an impact on rainfall in other regions by shrinking the rainforest's so-called "flying rivers": clouds of mist that dump water across a large swathe of South America.

The fires are also being driven by the conversion of land for agricultural use and the introduction of non-native plant species more susceptible to fire.

- How bad is it? -

An estimated 23,500 square kilometers, more than 10 percent of the Pantanal, have gone up in smoke since January.

There have been a record-shattering 14,764 fires in the Brazilian Pantanal this year, according to satellite data from Brazil's National Space Research Institute (INPE) -- already an annual record, and increase of 214 percent from the same period last year.

- What is at stake? -

The Pantanal is one of the most biodiverse regions on Earth, with nearly 1,300 animal species and more than 3,500 plant species, according to the World Wildlife Fund.

Disruptions to the water cycle threaten its delicate ecosystem, whose famous wildlife includes the endangered hyacinth macaw and shrinking population of jaguars.

Wildlife guide Eduarda Fernandes steers a speedboat up the Piquiri river in western Brazil, scanning the horizon for jaguars wounded in the wildfires ripping through the Pantanal, the world's biggest tropical wetlands.

Fernandes, 20, is part of a team of volunteers working to find and rescue jaguars wounded by the record-breaking blazes, which have burned through nearly 12 percent of the Pantanal.

"Our goal is to reduce the impact of the fires as much as we can, by leaving food and water for the animals and rescuing the wounded ones," she said.

The state park where she and her team are working, Encontro das Aguas, is known for having the largest jaguar population on Earth.

In normal times, it is home to at least 150 jaguars, a species classified as "near threatened" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature because of its declining numbers.

But now the fires have burned through 85 percent of the 109,000-hectare (270,000-acre) park, and many of the jaguars have disappeared.

No one knows if they are dead, wounded or have fled elsewhere.

- Jaguar trapping 101 -

After a two hours searching by boat, the team finds a male jaguar resting on the river bank beneath a tree hanging with vines, his spots standing out against a pile of leaves left dry by the region's worst drought in decades.

They photograph it and evaluate from afar: the jaguar has an injured front paw that may need treatment.

Capturing a jaguar is no small feat. It takes tranquilizer darts, at least three boats and a lot of force.

The tranquilizer takes about 10 minutes to kick in, and during that lapse jaguars have been known to try to swim away.

They are excellent swimmers, but risk drowning when the drug takes effect.

"Everything can go wrong," said veterinarian Jorge Salomao of the charity Ampara Animal (Animal Support).

As the team assesses the situation, sweating in the hot sun and surrounded by semi-scorched vegetation, the jaguar gets up to drink from the river.

That gives the veterinarians a chance to make a more precise diagnosis: he is walking gingerly, but does not appear to be in acute pain.

"He can probably recover on his own. Better to stand down" from capturing him, said Salomao.

He will return in a few days to see how the big cat is doing.

- Animal rescue specialists -

Another team is in a four-by-four traveling the dusty highway across the Pantanal, the Transpantaneira, setting out water and food for animals whose habitats have been destroyed in the fires.

These volunteers are from the Disaster Rescue Group for Animals (GRAD), which specializes in helping animals hit by man-made or natural disasters.

"The fires are a huge problem in and of themselves, but after that, the animals are left facing hunger and thirst," said veterinary student Enderson Barreto, 22, using thick gloves and shin guards to protect himself from being bitten by one of the region's many poisonous snakes.

Veterinarian Luciana Guimaraes is holding a small howler monkey that was hit by a car on the road.

"That's going to be happening a lot, because they approach the road looking for food and water," said the 41-year-old wildlife specialist.

Having traveled from Sao Paulo to volunteer here, she is trying to hold onto hope.

"Nature has a great capacity for recovery, even in a situation like this, where everything seems to have burned," she said.

"But it can take a very long time."


Related Links
Forest and Wild Fires - News, Science and Technology


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FIRE STORM
As Brazil's wetlands burn, rain is 'only hope'
Porto Jofre, Brasil (AFP) Sept 16, 2020
Lieutenant Silva's face is grim as he watches his firefighters try - and fail - to control one of the thousands of wildfires ravaging Brazil's Pantanal, the world's biggest tropical wetlands. "It needs to rain. We've got low moisture, intense heat. With that combination, rain is our only hope," says Silva, even as new flames break out at the spot his team of six firefighters is trying to douse on the grounds of an ecotourism hotel in the northern Pantanal. Even when the fire looks to be out, e ... read more

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