The role of Floating Solar in achieving Africa's energy targets as an alternative to dams

The role of Floating Solar in achieving Africa's energy targets as an alternative to dams
by Hugo Ritmico
Madrid, Spain (SPX) Apr 22, 2024

Researchers from Politecnico di Milano have identified floating solar photovoltaics (FPV) as a viable alternative to traditional hydropower in meeting Africa's energy goals, according to a new study published in Nature Energy. The study shows that FPV installed at existing major reservoirs could generate 20-100% of the electricity projected from planned hydropower dams across Africa.

The research, conducted using a comprehensive energy planning model, reveals that FPV is not only cost-effective compared to other renewable resources but also plays a crucial role in Africa's energy future. "Floating solar has emerged as cost-competitive and could potentially eliminate the need for many new dams," stated Wyatt Arnold, the lead author of the study.

A detailed analysis of the transboundary Zambezi watercourse indicated that capital investments for new dams could be more effectively utilized by constructing fewer reservoirs and augmenting them with floating solar panels. This strategy could decrease interannual variability in electricity supply by 12% and enhance resilience against long-term droughts exacerbated by climate change.

"Adopting floating solar can provide developing economies with a stable energy supply less susceptible to hydrological changes," explained Prof. Andrea Castelletti. "Additionally, it mitigates adverse effects on downstream communities and river ecosystems compared to new dam projects."

The study also underscores the significance of integrated resource planning and the need to consider transboundary effects in sustainable development. It promotes multisector modeling that integrates energy, agriculture, environmental protection, and economic growth within river basins.

Prof. Matteo Giuliani noted, "The strategic deployment of floating solar might outweigh potential drawbacks on reservoir uses like fishing or recreation. Yet, ongoing enhancements in FPV technology and effective planning are essential for its responsible implementation."

While floating solar offers substantial environmental benefits, the study acknowledges challenges in technology and social acceptance that may limit its deployment. Nevertheless, these challenges are likely to be less impactful than the negative consequences of new hydropower projects, which can disrupt river ecologies, displace populations, and increase regional conflicts over water use.

Research Report:Floating solar emerges as a sustainable energy solution for Africa's future