The US Department of Justice said Arthur Petrov, 33, violated export controls in a scheme to procure American microelectronics for a Russian firm which provides "critical electronics components" to the Russian military.
Petrov used a cover company in Cyprus, telling US vendors that the electronics were to be used in Cyprus or other authorized countries for fire security systems, the Justice Department said.
The things he sought to buy were microcontrollers and integrated circuits that cannot be lawfully exported to Russia, and Petrov was aware of that, it said.
The ultimate buyer, according to the Justice Department, was a Saint Petersburg company named Electrocom VPK, which supplies electronic components for Russian weapons makers.
Petrov was arrested in Cyprus on August 26, at the request of the United States, the department said.
It did not say if a formal extradition request had been submitted.
He is charged with conspiracy to defraud the United States, conspiracy to violate the Export Control Reform Act, smuggling, wire fraud, and money laundering.
Several of the charges bring up to 20 years in prison.
The United States, along with European and other democratic countries, has imposed unprecedented sanctions on Russia since President Vladimir Putin ordered the devastating invasion of pro-Western Ukraine.
"Those who evade our export control restrictions to support Putin's brutal war machine will be held accountable," said Assistant US Secretary of Commerce Matthew Axelrod in a statement.
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